課程大綱

課程資訊

課程名稱

科學哲學專題
TOPICS IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

開課學期

99-1

授課對象

文學院哲學研究所

授課教師

王榮麟

課號

Phl7740

課程識別碼

124 M4390

班次

學分

全/半年

半年

必/選修

選修

上課時間

星期五3,4,@(10:20~)

上課地點

哲研討室一

備註

本課程中文授課,使用英文教科書。本課程中文授課,使用英文教科書。
總人數上限：20人

Ceiba 課程網頁

http://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/991ps

課程簡介影片

核心能力關聯

核心能力與課程規劃關聯圖

課程大綱

為確保您我的權利,請尊重智慧財產權及不得非法影印

課程概述

本課程是針對當前科學哲學的一些重要的議題進行比較深入的分析與討論。這些議題包括了：
（1）科學與偽科學之間是否有明確的劃界？
（2）科學理論如何予以經驗測試？如何評判科學理論的優劣？
（3）科學理論在歷史中的演變模式為何？為說明科學理論於歷史中的演變，只要訴諸理論優劣的評判準則就足夠了嗎？
（4）科學說明經驗現象，但這樣的說明如何進行？
（5）科學定律一向被視為普遍、必然地為真。但何謂「定律」？它們確實是普遍必然地為真嗎？
（6）科學理論旨在揭露隱於經驗現象背後的實在嗎？或者科學理論只是便於計算、預測以及建立可觀察現象彼此之間之關聯的工具而已呢？
（7）生命科學可化約為物理科學嗎？
（8）社會科學應該向自然科學看齊嗎？或是社會科學理當擁有自己適屬的一套方法論？

In this course, we will survey some hotly debated issues in philosophy of science. More specifically, we address the following questions:

(1) Is there a definite demarcation between science and pseudo-science?
(2) How do scientists put their theories to test? What are the virtues of a good theory?
(3) What is the pattern of scientific change in the course of time? Is scientific change rational?
(4) Science is supposed to give explanations for observed phenomena. But what is a scientific explanation?
(5) It is held that scientific laws are universally and necessarily true. What are laws? Are they really universally and necessarily true?
(6) Does science aim to lay bare the reality hidden behind phenomena? Or does it aim rather to facilitate our calculations and predictions by making connections between phenomena?
(7) Is all life science reducible to physical sciences?
(8) Should social sciences take natural sciences as their models? Or do they have their proper methodology as legitimate as that of natural sciences?

課程目標

透過科學哲學之重要議題的討論，使同學(1)能夠深入理解科學的特性；(2)培養哲學思考的能力，包括論題表述、概念分析、論證構作、以及評論批判等等。
This course aims (1) to give students a deeper understanding of what science is; (2) to improve students' ability to philosophize, such as a clear presentation of thesis, analysis of concepts, reconstruction of arguments, and critical discussions or comments on others' claims.

課程要求

同學須：(1)出席上課並參與課堂討論；(2)於上課之前研讀指定的文獻並做摘要、論證重建；(3)輪流於課堂上作報告；(4)繳交一份期末報告。

預期每週課後學習時數

Office Hours

指定閱讀

參考書目

Clark, P. & Hawley, K. (eds.) (2003) Philosophy of Science Today, Oxford University Press.
Curd, M. & Cover, J.A. (eds.) (1998) Philosophy of Science: The Central Issues, W.W. Norton & Company.
Hitchcock, C. (ed.) (2004) Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishing.
Lange, M. (ed.) (2007) Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishing.
Psillos, S. & Curd, M. (eds.) (2008) The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, Routledge.

評量方式
(僅供參考)

No.	項目	百分比	說明
1.	作業	20%
2.	期末報告	65%
3.	平日課堂上的表現	15%

課程進度

週次	日期	單元主題
第1週	9/17	課程說明
第2週	9/24	科學與偽科學的劃分（指定閱讀的資料） Popper, Karl R. “Science: Conjectures and Refutations” Kuhn, Thomas S. “Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research?” （參考的資料） Lakatos, I. “Science and Pseudoscience” Thagard, Paul R. “Why Astrology Is a Pseudoscience?”
第3週	10/01	科學與偽科學的劃分（指定閱讀的資料） Popper, Karl R. “Science: Conjectures and Refutations” Kuhn, Thomas S. “Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research?” （參考的資料） Lakatos, I. “Science and Pseudoscience” Thagard, Paul R. “Why Astrology Is a Pseudoscience?”
第4週	10/08	科學方法論—理論的測試與理論的優點（指定閱讀的資料） Arabatzis, T. “Experiment” Sankey, H. “Scientific Method” Kuhn, Thomas S. “Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice” McMullin, E. “The Virtues of A Good Theory” （參考的資料） Maher, P. “Probability Captures the Logic of Scientific Confirmation” Kelly, K.T. & Glymour, C. “Why Probability does not Capture the Logic of Scientific Justification” Waters, C.K. “The Arguments in Darwin’s Origin of Species”
第5週	10/15	科學方法論—理論的測試與理論的優點（指定閱讀的資料） Arabatzis, T. “Experiment” Sankey, H. “Scientific Method” Kuhn, Thomas S. “Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice” McMullin, E. “The Virtues of A Good Theory” （參考的資料） Maher, P. “Probability Captures the Logic of Scientific Confirmation” Kelly, K.T. & Glymour, C. “Why Probability does not Capture the Logic of Scientific Justification” Waters, C.K. “The Arguments in Darwin’s Origin of Species”
第6週	10/22	科學方法論—理論的測試與理論的優點（指定閱讀的資料） Arabatzis, T. “Experiment” Sankey, H. “Scientific Method” Kuhn, Thomas S. “Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice” McMullin, E. “The Virtues of A Good Theory” （參考的資料） Maher, P. “Probability Captures the Logic of Scientific Confirmation” Kelly, K.T. & Glymour, C. “Why Probability does not Capture the Logic of Scientific Justification” Waters, C.K. “The Arguments in Darwin’s Origin of Species”
第7週	10/29	科學變遷的合理性（指定閱讀的資料） Salmon, Wesley C. “Rationality and Objectivity in Science or Tom Kuhn Meets Tom Bayes” Laudan, L. “Dissecting the Holist Picture of Scientific Change” （參考的資料） Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, pp. 92-110. McMullin, E. “Rationality and Paradigm Change in Science”
第8週	11/05	科學變遷的合理性（指定閱讀的資料） Salmon, Wesley C. “Rationality and Objectivity in Science or Tom Kuhn Meets Tom Bayes” Laudan, L. “Dissecting the Holist Picture of Scientific Change” （參考的資料） Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, pp. 92-110. McMullin, E. “Rationality and Paradigm Change in Science”
第9週	11/12	科學說明（指定閱讀的資料） Salmon, Wesley C. “Scientific Explanation: How We Got from There to Here” Railton, P. “A Deductive-Nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation” （參考的資料） Cartwright, N. “The Simulacrum Account of Explanation” Dowe, P. “Causes are Physically Connected to their Effects: Why Preventers and Omissions are not Causes” Schaffer, J. “Causes need not be Physically Connected to their Effects: The Case for Negative Causation”
第10週	11/19	科學說明（指定閱讀的資料） Salmon, Wesley C. “Scientific Explanation: How We Got from There to Here” Railton, P. “A Deductive-Nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation” （參考的資料） Cartwright, N. “The Simulacrum Account of Explanation” Dowe, P. “Causes are Physically Connected to their Effects: Why Preventers and Omissions are not Causes” Schaffer, J. “Causes need not be Physically Connected to their Effects: The Case for Negative Causation”
第11週	11/26	科學定律（指定閱讀的資料） Cartwright, N. “Nomological Machines and the Laws they Produce” Dretske, F.I. “Laws of Nature” （參考的資料） Mellor, D.H. “Necessities and Universals in Natural Laws” Lange, M. “Who’s Afraid of Ceteris-Paribus Laws?”
第12週	12/03	科學定律（指定閱讀的資料） Cartwright, N. “Nomological Machines and the Laws they Produce” Dretske, F.I. “Laws of Nature” （參考的資料） Mellor, D.H. “Necessities and Universals in Natural Laws” Lange, M. “Who’s Afraid of Ceteris-Paribus Laws?”
第13週	12/10	科學實在論與反實在論（指定閱讀的資料） Laudan, L. “A Confutation of Convergent Realism” van Fraassen, B. The Scientific Image, pp. 6-21; 23-25; 31-40. （參考的資料） Hacking, I. “Experimentation and Scientific Realism” Cartwright, N. “When Explanation Leads to Inference” Worrall, J. “Structural Realism: the Best of Both Worlds?”
第14週	12/17	科學實在論與反實在論（指定閱讀的資料） Laudan, L. “A Confutation of Convergent Realism” van Fraassen, B. The Scientific Image, pp. 6-21; 23-25; 31-40. （參考的資料） Hacking, I. “Experimentation and Scientific Realism” Cartwright, N. “When Explanation Leads to Inference” Worrall, J. “Structural Realism: the Best of Both Worlds?”
第15週	12/24	物理學哲學、生物學哲學、社會科學的哲學（指定閱讀的資料） Mermin, N.D. “Is the Moon There When Nobody Looks? Reality and the Quantum Theory” Brandon R. & Rosenberg, A. “Philosophy of Biology” Kincaid, H. “Social Sciences” （參考的資料） Bedau, M.A. “What is Life?” Lange, M. “Laws and Theories” Roberts, J.T. “There are no Laws of the Social Sciences” Kincaid, K. “There are Laws in the Social Sciences”
第16週	12/31	物理學哲學、生物學哲學、社會科學的哲學（指定閱讀的資料） Mermin, N.D. “Is the Moon There When Nobody Looks? Reality and the Quantum Theory” Brandon R. & Rosenberg, A. “Philosophy of Biology” Kincaid, H. “Social Sciences” （參考的資料） Bedau, M.A. “What is Life?” Lange, M. “Laws and Theories” Roberts, J.T. “There are no Laws of the Social Sciences” Kincaid, K. “There are Laws in the Social Sciences”
第17週	1/07	物理學哲學、生物學哲學、社會科學的哲學（指定閱讀的資料） Mermin, N.D. “Is the Moon There When Nobody Looks? Reality and the Quantum Theory” Brandon R. & Rosenberg, A. “Philosophy of Biology” Kincaid, H. “Social Sciences” （參考的資料） Bedau, M.A. “What is Life?” Lange, M. “Laws and Theories” Roberts, J.T. “There are no Laws of the Social Sciences” Kincaid, K. “There are Laws in the Social Sciences”